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<h1 id="一、虚拟地址"><a href="#一、虚拟地址" class="headerlink" title="一、虚拟地址"></a><font size=3>一、虚拟地址</font></h1><p>通常32位Linux内核地址空间划分0~3G为用户空间，3~4G为内核空间，为了充分利用和管理系统内存资源，Linux采用虚拟内存管理技术，利用虚拟内存技术让每个进程都有 4GB 互不干涉的虚拟地址空间。</p>
<p>不管是用户空间还是内核空间，我们使用的地址都是虚拟地址，当需进程要实际访问内存的时候，会由内核的请求分页机制产生缺页异常，然后调入物理内存页。</p>
<h1 id="二、物理地址"><a href="#二、物理地址" class="headerlink" title="二、物理地址"></a><font size=3>二、物理地址</font></h1><p>linux 内核将物理内存等分成 N 块 4KB ，称之为一页，每页都用一个 struct page 来表示，采用伙伴关系算法维护（暂时没有深究），所有的物理内存会被内核大概分为 3 个管理区域，分别为：</p>
<ul>
<li>ZONE_DMA</li>
</ul>
<p>DMA内存区域，包含0MB~16MB之间的内存页框，可以由老式基于 ISA 的设备通过 DMA 使用，直接映射到内核的地址空间。</p>
<ul>
<li>ZONE_NORMAL</li>
</ul>
<p>普通内存区域，包含16MB~896MB之间的内存页框，常规页框，直接映射到内核的地址空间。</p>
<ul>
<li>ZONE_HIGHMEM</li>
</ul>
<p>高端内存区域，包含896MB以上的内存页框，不进行直接映射，可以通过永久映射和临时映射进行这部分内存页框的访问。</p>
<img data-src="https://fanhua-picture.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/01%E5%B5%8C%E5%85%A5%E5%BC%8F%E5%BC%80%E5%8F%91/01HQ%E8%AF%BE%E7%A8%8B%E4%BD%93%E7%B3%BB/LV10-%E9%A9%B1%E5%8A%A8%E5%BC%80%E5%8F%91/LV10-06-%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8%E5%86%85%E5%AD%98%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86-01-%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86/img/image-20220918183307252.png" alt="image-20220918183307252" style="zoom:33%;" />

<h1 id="三、映射关系"><a href="#三、映射关系" class="headerlink" title="三、映射关系"></a><font size=3>三、映射关系</font></h1><p>虚拟地址和物理地址有怎样的映射关系呢？大概如下图所示：</p>
<img data-src="https://fanhua-picture.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/01%E5%B5%8C%E5%85%A5%E5%BC%8F%E5%BC%80%E5%8F%91/01HQ%E8%AF%BE%E7%A8%8B%E4%BD%93%E7%B3%BB/LV10-%E9%A9%B1%E5%8A%A8%E5%BC%80%E5%8F%91/LV10-06-%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8%E5%86%85%E5%AD%98%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86-01-%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86/img/image-20220918183702011.png" alt="image-20220918183702011" style="zoom:33%;" />

<p>内核空间虚拟地址各部分详情如下：</p>
<img data-src="https://fanhua-picture.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/01%E5%B5%8C%E5%85%A5%E5%BC%8F%E5%BC%80%E5%8F%91/01HQ%E8%AF%BE%E7%A8%8B%E4%BD%93%E7%B3%BB/LV10-%E9%A9%B1%E5%8A%A8%E5%BC%80%E5%8F%91/LV10-06-%E5%86%85%E6%A0%B8%E5%86%85%E5%AD%98%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86-01-%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86/img/kernel_address.png" alt="虚拟内核空间划分图"  />

<p>【说明】图中high_memory处为虚拟地址3GB + 896MB的位置，PAGE_OFFSET处为虚拟地址3GB位置，也就是内核空间开始的位置。</p>
<ul>
<li>低端内存</li>
</ul>
<p>内核空间前896MB的空间被称为<strong>低端内存</strong>，也就是虚拟地址的3GB~3GB+896MB的范围，这一部分的虚拟地址可以直接与896MB大小的物理内存进行映射，加上一个偏移量就可以了，即：虚拟地址 &#x3D; 3G + 物理地址。可被<strong>直接映射</strong>的这部分物理内存可以细分为ZONE_DMA和ZONE_NORMAL。</p>
<blockquote>
<p>低端内存分配方式：</p>
<p>（1）使用 kmalloc() 进行分配，它是一种小内存分配，采用的是 slab 算法，分配的内存虚拟地址连续，物理地址也连续。</p>
<p>（2）使用 get_free_page() 函数进行分配，它是整页分配，每次分配2的n次方页内存空间，n 最大为10，需要申请大片的内存空间的时候可以采用此种方式，它分配的内存虚拟地址连续，物理地址也连续。</p>
</blockquote>
<ul>
<li>高端内存</li>
</ul>
<p>大于3G+896M的内核空间被称为高端内存，也就是虚拟地址的 3GB+896MB ~4GB的范围，可以细分为vmalloc区、持久映射区、固定映射区</p>
<blockquote>
<p>高端内存分配方式：</p>
<p>使用 vmalloc() 函数进行分配，使用该函数申请的内存空间的虚拟地址连续，但是物理地址不连续。</p>
</blockquote>
<h1 id="四、内核中常用动态分配"><a href="#四、内核中常用动态分配" class="headerlink" title="四、内核中常用动态分配"></a><font size=3>四、内核中常用动态分配</font></h1><h2 id="1-kmalloc"><a href="#1-kmalloc" class="headerlink" title="1. kmalloc"></a><font size=3>1. kmalloc</font></h2><h3 id="1-1-kmalloc"><a href="#1-1-kmalloc" class="headerlink" title="1.1 kmalloc()"></a><font size=3>1.1 kmalloc()</font></h3><p>我们使用以下命令查询一下函数所在头文件：</p>
<figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">grep kmalloc -r -n ~/5linux/linux-3.14/include</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_"># </span><span class="language-bash">搜索结果过多的话，可以加强搜索关键字</span></span><br><span class="line">grep &quot;*kmalloc(&quot; -r -n ~/5linux/linux-3.14/include</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>经过查找，我们可以得到如下信息：</p>
<figure class="highlight c"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">/* 需包含的头文件 */</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">include</span> <span class="string">&lt;linux/slab.h&gt;</span></span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">/* 函数定义 */</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="type">static</span> __always_inline <span class="type">void</span> *<span class="title function_">kmalloc</span><span class="params">(<span class="type">size_t</span> size, <span class="type">gfp_t</span> flags)</span></span><br><span class="line">&#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">if</span> (__builtin_constant_p(size)) &#123;</span><br><span class="line">                <span class="keyword">if</span> (size &gt; KMALLOC_MAX_CACHE_SIZE)</span><br><span class="line">                        <span class="keyword">return</span> kmalloc_large(size, flags);</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">ifndef</span> CONFIG_SLOB</span></span><br><span class="line">                <span class="keyword">if</span> (!(flags &amp; GFP_DMA)) &#123;</span><br><span class="line">                        <span class="type">int</span> index = kmalloc_index(size);</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">                        <span class="keyword">if</span> (!index)</span><br><span class="line">                                <span class="keyword">return</span> ZERO_SIZE_PTR;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">                        <span class="keyword">return</span> kmem_cache_alloc_trace(kmalloc_caches[index],</span><br><span class="line">                                        flags, size);</span><br><span class="line">                &#125;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">endif</span></span></span><br><span class="line">        &#125;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> __kmalloc(size, flags);</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p><strong>【函数说明】</strong>该函数用于动态申请内存，kmalloc()  申请的内存位于直接映射区域，而且在物理上也是连续的，它们与真实的物理地址只有一个固定的偏移，因为存在较简单的转换关系，所以对申请的内存大小有限制，不能超过128KB。</p>
<p><strong>【函数参数】</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>size：size_t类型，表示要申请的内存空间的大小，注意不要超过128KB。</li>
<li>flags：<code>gfp_t</code>类型，表示分配内存的方法。</li>
</ul>
<details class="folding-tag" blue><summary> 点击查看 flags 常用取值 </summary>
              <div class='content'>
              <table><thead><tr><th>flags</th><th>说明</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>GFP_ATOMIC</td><td>分配内存的过程是一个原子过程，分配内存的过程不会被（高优先级进程或中断）打断。</td></tr><tr><td>GFP_KERNEL</td><td>正常分配内存。</td></tr><tr><td>GFP_DMA</td><td>给 DMA 控制器分配内存，需要使用该标志（DMA要求分配虚拟地址和物理地址连续）。</td></tr></tbody></table><ul><li>参考用法</li></ul><figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">flags 的参考用法</span><br><span class="line">　|– 进程上下文，可以睡眠　　　　 GFP_KERNEL </span><br><span class="line">　|– 异常上下文，不可以睡眠　　　 GFP_ATOMIC </span><br><span class="line">　|　　|– 中断处理程序　　　　　　GFP_ATOMIC </span><br><span class="line">　|　　|– 软中断　　　　　　　　　GFP_ATOMIC </span><br><span class="line">　|　　|– Tasklet　　　　　　　　GFP_ATOMIC </span><br><span class="line">　|– 用于DMA的内存，可以睡眠　　　GFP_DMA | GFP_KERNEL </span><br><span class="line">　|– 用于DMA的内存，不可以睡眠　　GFP_DMA | GFP_ATOMIC </span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
              </div>
            </details>

<p><strong>【返回值】</strong>void * 类型，返回分配好的内存的首地址，一般都需要进行强制类型转换，转换为我们需要的类型，分配失败返回NULL。  </p>
<p><strong>【使用格式】</strong>none</p>
<p><strong>【注意事项】</strong> none</p>
<h3 id="1-2-kzalloc"><a href="#1-2-kzalloc" class="headerlink" title="1.2 kzalloc()"></a><font size=3>1.2 kzalloc()</font></h3><p>我们使用以下命令查询一下函数所在头文件：</p>
<figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">grep kzalloc -r -n ~/5linux/linux-3.14/include</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_"># </span><span class="language-bash">搜索结果过多的话，可以加强搜索关键字</span></span><br><span class="line">grep &quot;*kzalloc(&quot; -r -n ~/5linux/linux-3.14/include</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>经过查找，我们可以得到如下信息：</p>
<figure class="highlight c"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">/* 需包含的头文件 */</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">include</span> <span class="string">&lt;linux/slab.h&gt;</span></span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">/* 函数定义 */</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">/**</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"> * kzalloc - allocate memory. The memory is set to zero.</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"> * @size: how many bytes of memory are required.</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"> * @flags: the type of memory to allocate (see kmalloc).</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"> */</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="type">static</span> <span class="keyword">inline</span> <span class="type">void</span> *<span class="title function_">kzalloc</span><span class="params">(<span class="type">size_t</span> size, <span class="type">gfp_t</span> flags)</span></span><br><span class="line">&#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> kmalloc(size, flags | __GFP_ZERO);</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p><strong>【函数说明】</strong>该函数用于动态申请内存，并且将申请的内存区域初始化为0（可以看出其实是通过调用kmalloc完成的分配）。</p>
<p><strong>【函数参数】</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>size：size_t类型，表示要申请的内存空间的大小，注意不要超过128KB。</li>
<li>flags：<code>gfp_t</code>类型，表示分配内存的方法，同 kmalloc()。</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>【返回值】</strong>void * 类型，返回分配好的内存的首地址，一般都需要进行强制类型转换，转换为我们需要的类型，分配失败返回NULL。  </p>
<p><strong>【使用格式】</strong>none</p>
<p><strong>【注意事项】</strong> none</p>
<h3 id="1-3-kfree"><a href="#1-3-kfree" class="headerlink" title="1.3 kfree()"></a><font size=3>1.3 kfree()</font></h3><p>我们使用以下命令查询一下函数所在头文件：</p>
<figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">grep kfree -r -n ~/5linux/linux-3.14/include</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_"># </span><span class="language-bash">搜索结果过多的话，可以加强搜索关键字</span></span><br><span class="line">grep &quot;void kfree&quot; -r -n ~/5linux/linux-3.14/include</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>经过查找，我们可以得到如下信息：</p>
<figure class="highlight c"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">/* 需包含的头文件 */</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">include</span> <span class="string">&lt;linux/slab.h&gt;</span></span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">/* 函数声明 */</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="type">void</span> <span class="title function_">kfree</span><span class="params">(<span class="type">const</span> <span class="type">void</span> *objp)</span>;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p><strong>【函数说明】</strong>该函数用于释放通过 kmalloc() 或者 kkzalloc() 函数申请的动态内存。</p>
<p><strong>【函数参数】</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>objp：void * 类型，表示要释放的内存空间的首地址。</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>【返回值】</strong>none  </p>
<p><strong>【使用格式】</strong>none</p>
<p><strong>【注意事项】</strong> none</p>
<h2 id="2-vmalloc"><a href="#2-vmalloc" class="headerlink" title="2. vmalloc"></a><font size=3>2. vmalloc</font></h2><h3 id="2-1-vmalloc"><a href="#2-1-vmalloc" class="headerlink" title="2.1 vmalloc()"></a><font size=3>2.1 vmalloc()</font></h3><p>我们使用以下命令查询一下函数所在头文件：</p>
<figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">grep vmalloc -r -n ~/5linux/linux-3.14/include</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_"># </span><span class="language-bash">搜索结果过多的话，可以加强搜索关键字</span></span><br><span class="line">grep &quot;*vmalloc(&quot; -r -n ~/5linux/linux-3.14/include</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>经过查找，我们可以得到如下信息：</p>
<figure class="highlight c"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">/* 需包含的头文件 */</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">include</span> <span class="string">&lt;linux/vmalloc.h&gt;</span></span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">/* 函数声明 */</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">extern</span> <span class="type">void</span> *<span class="title function_">vmalloc</span><span class="params">(<span class="type">unsigned</span> <span class="type">long</span> size)</span>;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p><strong>【函数说明】</strong>该函数用于动态申请内存，vmalloc() 函数会在虚拟内存空间给出一块连续的内存区，但这片连续的虚拟内存在物理内存中并不一定连续。由于 vmalloc() 没有保证申请到的是连续的物理内存，因此对申请的内存大小没有限制，如果需要申请较大的内存空间就需要用此函数了。。</p>
<p><strong>【函数参数】</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>size：unsigned long类型，表示要申请的内存空间的大小。</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>【返回值】</strong>void * 类型，返回分配好的内存的首地址，一般都需要进行强制类型转换，转换为我们需要的类型，分配失败返回NULL。  </p>
<p><strong>【使用格式】</strong>none</p>
<p><strong>【注意事项】</strong> vmalloc() 可以睡眠，因此不能从异常上下文调用。</p>
<h3 id="2-2-vfree"><a href="#2-2-vfree" class="headerlink" title="2.2 vfree()"></a><font size=3>2.2 vfree()</font></h3><p>我们使用以下命令查询一下函数所在头文件：</p>
<figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">grep vfree -r -n ~/5linux/linux-3.14/include</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta prompt_"># </span><span class="language-bash">搜索结果过多的话，可以加强搜索关键字</span></span><br><span class="line">grep &quot;void vfree&quot; -r -n ~/5linux/linux-3.14/include</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>经过查找，我们可以得到如下信息：</p>
<figure class="highlight c"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">/* 需包含的头文件 */</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#<span class="keyword">include</span> <span class="string">&lt;linux/vmalloc.h&gt;</span></span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">/* 函数声明 */</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">extern</span> <span class="type">void</span> <span class="title function_">vfree</span><span class="params">(<span class="type">const</span> <span class="type">void</span> *addr)</span>;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p><strong>【函数说明】</strong>该函数用于释放通过 vmalloc() 函数申请的动态内存。</p>
<p><strong>【函数参数】</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>addr：void * 类型，表示要释放的内存空间的首地址。</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>【返回值】</strong>none  </p>
<p><strong>【使用格式】</strong>none</p>
<p><strong>【注意事项】</strong> vfree() 可以睡眠，因此不能从异常上下文调用。</p>
<h2 id="3-kmalloc-vmalloc"><a href="#3-kmalloc-vmalloc" class="headerlink" title="3. kmalloc &amp; vmalloc"></a><font size=3>3. kmalloc &amp; vmalloc</font></h2><ul>
<li>kmalloc()、kzalloc()、vmalloc() 的共同特点是：</li>
</ul>
<p>（1）用于申请内核空间的内存；</p>
<p>（2）内存以字节为单位进行分配；</p>
<p>（3）所分配的内存虚拟地址上连续；</p>
<ul>
<li>kmalloc()、kzalloc()、vmalloc() 的区别是：</li>
</ul>
<p>（1）kzalloc 是强制清零的 kmalloc 操作；（以下描述不区分 kmalloc 和 kzalloc）</p>
<p>（2）kmalloc 分配的内存大小有限制（128KB），而 vmalloc 没有限制；</p>
<p>（3）kmalloc 可以保证分配的内存物理地址是连续的，但是 vmalloc 不能保证；</p>
<p>（4）kmalloc 分配内存的过程可以是原子过程（使用 GFP_ATOMIC），而 vmalloc 分配内存时则可能产生阻塞；</p>
<p>（5）kmalloc 分配内存的开销小，因此 kmalloc 比 vmalloc 要快；</p>
<h2 id="4-选择原则"><a href="#4-选择原则" class="headerlink" title="4. 选择原则"></a><font size=3>4. 选择原则</font></h2><p>一般情况下，内存只有在要被 DMA 访问的时候才需要物理上连续，但为了性能上的考虑，内核中一般使用 kmalloc()，而只有在需要获得大块内存时才使用 vmalloc()。</p>
<p>总的来说：</p>
<p>（1）小内存（&lt; 128k）用kmalloc，大内存用vmalloc或get_free_page；</p>
<p>（2）如果需要比较大的内存，并且要求使用效率较高时用 get_free_page，否则用vmalloc。</p>

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